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Table 2. Mean (+ SD) plasma concentrations (mg/100mg lipid) of essential and non-essential fatty acids in 3 different lipid fractions obtained from 16 hemodialysis patients who received oral supplementation with either γ-linolenic acid-rich evening primrose oil (EPO) or linoleic acid (LA) at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks during intervention and their corresponding changes (postintervention value minus baseline value)

Fatty acids
Baseline Postintervention

Change

EPO LA
EPO
at 6 week
EPO
at 12 week
LA
at 6 week

EPO
at 6 week
EPO
at 12 week
LA
at 6 week

Phospholipid fraction

Linoleic acid (18:2n-6)
23.41±3.33 22.81±2.51
24.69±3.05 23.84±1.81 25.25±2.79^a

1.28 + 3.13 0.43 + 2.66 2.44 + 3.02^a

γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-6)
ND ND
ND ND ND

ND ND ND

a-linolenic acid (18:3n-3)
0.38±0.04 0.38±0.09
0.39±0.08 0.42 + 0.09 0.42±0.11

0.003 + 0.05 0.03 + 0.09 0.05 + 0.11

Eicosadienoic acid (20:2n-6)
0.36±0.09 0.41±0.06
0.38±0.07 0.43 + 0.10 0.43±0.05

0.02 + 0.09 0.07 + 0.10 0.02 + 0.07

Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n-6)
1.76±0.53 1.92±0.37
2.23±0.47^b,c 2.33+ 0.61^b 1.84±0.28

0.46 + 0.23^b,d 0.57 + 0.32^b -0.08 + 0.17

Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6)
8.80±1.00 9.58±2.08
9.48±1.57 9.40 + 1.15 9.01±1.71

0.68 + 0.98 0.59 + 1.18 -0.56 + 1.16

Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3)
3.58±2.20 2.41±0.65
2.57±1.47 2.41 + 0.75 2.04±1.55

-1.02 + 1.56 -1.17 + 1.74 -0.36 + 1.04

Adrenic acid (22:4n-6)
0.34±0.08 0.31±0.06
0.32±0.08 0.37 + 0.07 0.50±0.32

-0.03 + 0.07 0.02 + 0.09 0.19 + 0.38

Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6)
0.75±0.17 0.57±0.13
0.53±0.28 0.64+ 0.13 0.85±0.55

-0.14 + 0.24 -0.03 + 0.28 0.28 + 0.54

Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3)
0.93±0.23 1.29±0.41
1.03±0.12 1.03 + 0.20 1.23±0.67

0.10 + 0.21 0.10 + 0.21 -0.05 + 0.33

Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)
7.70±1.52 7.36±1.37
7.67±0.66 7.44 + 1.41 6.12±1.05^a,c

-0.03 + 1.12 -0.26 + 1.23 -1.24 + 1.05^a,d

Cholesterol ester farction

Linoleic acid (18:2n-6)
53.00±3.55 48.41±9.48
53.63±2.79 53.52±2.25 56.21±3.33

0.63 + 2.53 0.52 + 3.88 7.80 + 11.3

γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-6)
0.50±0.10 0.52±0.18
0.77±0.14^b,d 0.72±0.12^b 0.47±0.13

0.27 + 0.14^b,d 0.22 + 0.11^b -0.05 + 0.09

a-linolenic acid (18:3n-3)
0.57±0.15 0.60±0.19
0.57±0.11 0.58±0.11 0.60±0.16

0.01 + 0.10 0.01 + 0.11 0.005 + 0.11

Eicosadienoic acid (20:2n-6)
ND ND
ND ND ND

ND ND ND

Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n-6)
0.44±0.12 0.42±0.06
0.53±0.11^b,c 0.58±0.15^b 0.41±0.08

0.09 + 0.05^b,d 0.14 + 0.06^b -0.01 + 0.06

Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6)
5.78±0.85 6.28±1.21
6.04±1.13 6.10±0.87 5.96±1.08

0.26 + 0.75 0.32 + 0.75 -0.32 + 0.55

Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3)
3.15±2.07 2.69±1.39
2.37±1.48 2.24±0.86 2.22±1.79

-0.78 +0.83 -0.91 +1.30 -0.47 + 0.94

Adrenic acid (22:4n-6)
ND ND ND ND ND

ND ND ND

Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6)
ND ND ND ND ND

ND ND ND

(Table 2 continued)

Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3)
ND ND
ND ND ND

ND ND ND

Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)
1.81±0.42 1.57±0.25
1.70±0.27 1.66±0.27 1.40±0.19^b,c

-0.09 + 0.30 -0.13 + 0.23 -0.16 + 0.10^b

Triglyceride fraction

Linoleic acid (18:2n-6)
23.94±3.71 23.11±2.86
23.63±2.83 25.89±2.58 26.94±3.56^a

-0.31 + 4.96 1.95 + 4.42 3.83 + 3.11^a

γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-6)
0.54±0.19 0.44±0.11
0.70±0.26^a 0.67±0.19 0.54±0.10

0.16 + 0.16^a 0.13 + 0.14 0.09 + 0.11

a-linolenic acid (18:3n-3)
2.13±0.56 1.95±0.63
2.27±0.47 2.40±0.54 2.42±0.99

0.14 + 0.67 0.27 + 0.81 0.47 + 0.85

Eicosadienoic acid (20:2n-6)
0.28±0.06 0.32±0.04
0.30±0.04 0.32±0.04 0.30±0.04

0.02 + 0.06 0.04 + 0.05 -0.02 + 0.06

Dihomo-γ-linolenic cid (20:3n-6)
0.27±0.07 0.27±0.04
0.31±0.07 0.31±0.06^b 0.25±0.05

0.04 + 0.05 0.05 + 0.03^b -0.01 + 0.05

Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6)
1.71±0.28 1.53±0.64
1.69±0.24 1.53±0.16 1.50±0.30

-0.02 + 0.18 -0.18 + 0.20 -0.03 + 0.30

Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3)
1.47±0.98 0.78±0.32
1.00±0.72 0.88±0.34 0.77±0.69

-0.47 + 0.67 -0.59 + 0.67 -0.01 + 0.54

Adrenic acid (22:4n-6)
ND ND
ND ND ND

ND ND ND

Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6)
ND ND
ND ND ND

ND ND ND

Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3)
ND ND
ND ND ND

ND ND ND

Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)
4.74±3.24 2.60±1.19
3.50±1.91 3.29±1.49 1.80±0.88

-1.24 + 2.14 -1.44 + 2.25 -0.80 + 0.83

ND = not detected
ap < 0.05 and bp < 0.01 as compared the respective baseline values
cp < 0.05 and dp < 0.01 as compared the other treatment group

Fatty acids	Baseline		Postintervention				Change
	EPO	LA		EPO at 6 week	EPO at 12 week	LA at 6 week	EPO at 6 week	EPO at 12 week	LA at 6 week
Phospholipid fraction
Linoleic acid (18:2n-6)	23.41±3.33	22.81±2.51		24.69±3.05	23.84±1.81	25.25±2.79^a	1.28 + 3.13	0.43 + 2.66	2.44 + 3.02^a
γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-6)	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
a-linolenic acid (18:3n-3)	0.38±0.04	0.38±0.09		0.39±0.08	0.42 + 0.09	0.42±0.11	0.003 + 0.05	0.03 + 0.09	0.05 + 0.11
Eicosadienoic acid (20:2n-6)	0.36±0.09	0.41±0.06		0.38±0.07	0.43 + 0.10	0.43±0.05	0.02 + 0.09	0.07 + 0.10	0.02 + 0.07
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n-6)	1.76±0.53	1.92±0.37		2.23±0.47^b,c	2.33+ 0.61^b	1.84±0.28	0.46 + 0.23^b,d	0.57 + 0.32^b	-0.08 + 0.17
Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6)	8.80±1.00	9.58±2.08		9.48±1.57	9.40 + 1.15	9.01±1.71	0.68 + 0.98	0.59 + 1.18	-0.56 + 1.16
Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3)	3.58±2.20	2.41±0.65		2.57±1.47	2.41 + 0.75	2.04±1.55	-1.02 + 1.56	-1.17 + 1.74	-0.36 + 1.04
Adrenic acid (22:4n-6)	0.34±0.08	0.31±0.06		0.32±0.08	0.37 + 0.07	0.50±0.32	-0.03 + 0.07	0.02 + 0.09	0.19 + 0.38
Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6)	0.75±0.17	0.57±0.13		0.53±0.28	0.64+ 0.13	0.85±0.55	-0.14 + 0.24	-0.03 + 0.28	0.28 + 0.54
Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3)	0.93±0.23	1.29±0.41		1.03±0.12	1.03 + 0.20	1.23±0.67	0.10 + 0.21	0.10 + 0.21	-0.05 + 0.33
Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)	7.70±1.52	7.36±1.37		7.67±0.66	7.44 + 1.41	6.12±1.05^a,c	-0.03 + 1.12	-0.26 + 1.23	-1.24 + 1.05^a,d

Cholesterol ester farction
Linoleic acid (18:2n-6)	53.00±3.55	48.41±9.48		53.63±2.79	53.52±2.25	56.21±3.33	0.63 + 2.53	0.52 + 3.88	7.80 + 11.3
γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-6)	0.50±0.10	0.52±0.18		0.77±0.14^b,d	0.72±0.12^b	0.47±0.13	0.27 + 0.14^b,d	0.22 + 0.11^b	-0.05 + 0.09
a-linolenic acid (18:3n-3)	0.57±0.15	0.60±0.19		0.57±0.11	0.58±0.11	0.60±0.16	0.01 + 0.10	0.01 + 0.11	0.005 + 0.11
Eicosadienoic acid (20:2n-6)	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n-6)	0.44±0.12	0.42±0.06		0.53±0.11^b,c	0.58±0.15^b	0.41±0.08	0.09 + 0.05^b,d	0.14 + 0.06^b	-0.01 + 0.06
Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6)	5.78±0.85	6.28±1.21		6.04±1.13	6.10±0.87	5.96±1.08	0.26 + 0.75	0.32 + 0.75	-0.32 + 0.55
Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3)	3.15±2.07	2.69±1.39		2.37±1.48	2.24±0.86	2.22±1.79	-0.78 +0.83	-0.91 +1.30	-0.47 + 0.94
Adrenic acid (22:4n-6)	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6)	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
(Table 2 continued)

Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3)	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)	1.81±0.42	1.57±0.25		1.70±0.27	1.66±0.27	1.40±0.19^b,c	-0.09 + 0.30	-0.13 + 0.23	-0.16 + 0.10^b

Triglyceride fraction
Linoleic acid (18:2n-6)	23.94±3.71	23.11±2.86		23.63±2.83	25.89±2.58	26.94±3.56^a	-0.31 + 4.96	1.95 + 4.42	3.83 + 3.11^a
γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-6)	0.54±0.19	0.44±0.11		0.70±0.26^a	0.67±0.19	0.54±0.10	0.16 + 0.16^a	0.13 + 0.14	0.09 + 0.11
a-linolenic acid (18:3n-3)	2.13±0.56	1.95±0.63		2.27±0.47	2.40±0.54	2.42±0.99	0.14 + 0.67	0.27 + 0.81	0.47 + 0.85
Eicosadienoic acid (20:2n-6)	0.28±0.06	0.32±0.04		0.30±0.04	0.32±0.04	0.30±0.04	0.02 + 0.06	0.04 + 0.05	-0.02 + 0.06
Dihomo-γ-linolenic cid (20:3n-6)	0.27±0.07	0.27±0.04		0.31±0.07	0.31±0.06^b	0.25±0.05	0.04 + 0.05	0.05 + 0.03^b	-0.01 + 0.05
Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6)	1.71±0.28	1.53±0.64		1.69±0.24	1.53±0.16	1.50±0.30	-0.02 + 0.18	-0.18 + 0.20	-0.03 + 0.30
Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3)	1.47±0.98	0.78±0.32		1.00±0.72	0.88±0.34	0.77±0.69	-0.47 + 0.67	-0.59 + 0.67	-0.01 + 0.54
Adrenic acid (22:4n-6)	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6)	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3)	ND	ND		ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)	4.74±3.24	2.60±1.19		3.50±1.91	3.29±1.49	1.80±0.88	-1.24 + 2.14	-1.44 + 2.25	-0.80 + 0.83